As long as you were immunized as a kid, there's really no shots that you absolutely need. I went to a travel doctor before I came and I got a TB Test and Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine. The doctor was most worried about JEV, but said that as long as I'm not going to Inner Mongolia for an extended period of time or other extreme rural places, it's not a huge health risk. He said the same thing about Malaria. My general impression was that the chances of me getting an communicable disease in China is relatively low, but that I might want to get booster shots and JEV just to be safe.
The closest western travel doctor is in Nanjing, that I know about at least. It'll be much easier to get shots in your home country than in China. In fact, I didn't finish my JEV vaccine because China approved a different vaccine that the USA and the way the JEV works is that I needed to take two shots, but I had to leave the US before I got my second. I tried to find a Place in China to get the second shot, but was told I'd have to start over because of the different JEV used.
Going to the doctor in Hefei is stepping back in time. To be honest, the doctors are a joke and going to the hospital, which you must do to see a doctor, is an ordeal that's often not worth it unless you are seriously ill. The good thing is that many prescription based medicines in the West (I.e. Antibiotics) are OTC. You'll often just self medicate by going to the pharmacy and asking for what you think you need there. Basically, going to the doctor often isn't worth it, unless you have no idea what's wrong with you.
Like Mike said, most people get sick from food poisoning, or fake alcohol. That, and traveler's diarrhea are the far more common illnesses that foreigners get than any communicable illness. Basically, getting an upset stomach from bad food or alcohol a few times a year is the most serious illness that threatens foreigners in a Hefei.
